Thermoelectric effects in normal-metal superconductor systems

P. Virtanen and T. Heikkilä.

We theoretically examine the thermopower of a mesoscopic normal-metal wire in contact to superconductors. In such devices, the recent experiments have shown that the thermopower, i.e., the voltage created by the temperature difference in the absence of charge currents, can exceed the known theoretical predictions by a few orders of magnitude, and moreover, it can be controlled with the magnetic flux. Using the quasiclassical Keldysh theory, we show that the presence of supercurrent in such systems leads to the observed thermoelectric effects. Our theory shows a fair agreement with the experimental observations and predicts how the theory can be confirmed.